Voice, Reported Speech, Conditionals, and Related Structures
Mastering Voice, Reported Speech, Conditionals, and Related Structures
Use passive constructions, reported language, and hypothetical sentence patterns.
English Grammar-এর সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এবং tricky চারটি টপিক হলো Voice, Reported Speech (Narration), Conditionals, এবং Related Structures (Causative/Subjunctive)। HSC, Admission Test কিংবা BCS পরীক্ষায় এগুলো থেকে প্রশ্ন থাকবেই। চলুন একবারে সহজ বাংলায় ক্লিয়ার করে নেওয়া যাক।
১. Voice Change (Active to Passive)#
মূল কনসেপ্ট: Active Voice-এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে, আর Passive Voice-এ object-কে ফোকাস করা হয় (কাজটি কার দ্বারা হচ্ছে/হয়েছে)।
বেসিক ফর্মুলা:
Passive: Object হবে Subject + Tense অনুযায়ী Be Verb + Verb-এর V3 (Past Participle) + Preposition (সাধারণত by) + Subject হবে Object।
Tense অনুযায়ী Be Verb-এর পরিবর্তন:
- Present Indefinite: am/is/are + V3 (e.g., He writes a letter. → A letter is written by him.)
- Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + V3 (e.g., She is cooking food. → Food is being cooked by her.)
- Present Perfect: have/has + been + V3 (e.g., They have completed the task. → The task has been completed by them.)
- Past Indefinite: was/were + V3 (e.g., He broke the glass. → The glass was broken by him.)
- Modals (can/could/may/must/should): Modal + be + V3 (e.g., You must do it. → It must be done by you.)
স্পেশাল রুলস (পরীক্ষার জন্য জরুরি):
- 1.Imperative Sentence:
- Do the work. → Let the work be done.
- Never tell a lie. → Let not a lie ever be told.
- 2.Quasi-passive (যেগুলো দেখতে Active কিন্তু অর্থ Passive):
- Rice sells cheap. → Rice is cheap when it is sold.
- Honey tastes sweet. → Honey is sweet when it is tasted.
২. Reported Speech (Narration)#
মূল কনসেপ্ট: কারো কথা হুবহু তুলে ধরা হলো Direct Speech, আর নিজের ভাষায় প্রকাশ করা হলো Indirect Speech।
Reporting Verb যদি Past Tense হয়, তাহলে Tense Shift হবে:
- Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite (write → wrote)
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous (is writing → was writing)
- Present Perfect / Past Indefinite → Past Perfect (has written / wrote → had written)
- Future (will/shall) → would
- Can → could | May → might
(Note: Reporting Verb Present বা Future হলে Tense পরিবর্তন হয় না; Universal truth হলেও Tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।)
Sentence অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন:
- 1.Assertive: Conjunction হিসেবে 'that' বসে।
- Direct: He said, "I am unwell."
- Indirect: He said that he was unwell.
- 2.Interrogative: Conjunction হিসেবে 'if/whether' (Yes/No প্রশ্নের ক্ষেত্রে) বা 'Wh-word' বসে। Sentence-টি assertive হয়ে যায়।
- Direct: He asked me, "Do you know him?"
- Indirect: He asked me if I knew him.
- Direct: Father said, "Where are you going?"
- Indirect: Father asked where I was going.
- 3.Imperative: Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে order/request/advise হয় + to + V1 বসে।
- Direct: The teacher said to me, "Read attentively."
- Indirect: The teacher advised me to read attentively.
৩. Conditionals (If-Clauses)#
Conditionals মূলত শর্ত এবং তার ফলাফল প্রকাশ করে। এটি ৪ প্রকার:
1. Zero Conditional (চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত ঘটনা):
- Structure: If + Present Indefinite, Present Indefinite.
- Example: If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
2. First Conditional (ভবিষ্যতের সম্ভাব্য ঘটনা):
- Structure: If + Present, Future Simple (will/can/may + V1).
- Example: If it rains, we will cancel the match.
3. Second Conditional (বর্তমান বা ভবিষ্যতের কাল্পনিক/অবাস্তব পরিস্থিতি):
- Structure: If + Past Indefinite, Subject + would/could/might + V1.
- Example: If I had enough money, I would buy a car.
- Note: 'Be' verb ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে সব person-এই 'were' বসে। (e.g., If I were a king, I would help the poor.)
4. Third Conditional (অতীতের অপূর্ণ বা অসম্ভব কল্পনা):
- Structure: If + Past Perfect, Subject + would/could/might + have + V3.
- Example: If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.
- Inversion রুল (পরীক্ষায় বেশি আসে): Had you studied harder, you would have passed the exam.
৪. Related Structures (Causative & Subjunctive)#
A. Causative Verbs (Make, Have, Get, Let, Help): নিজে কাজ না করে অন্যকে দিয়ে করানো বোঝাতে Causative Verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Make (বাধ্য করা): Subject + make + person/thing + V1 (Base form)
- Example: The teacher made him clean the board.
- Have (দায়িত্ব দেওয়া):
- Person থাকলে V1: I had the plumber fix the pipe.
- Thing থাকলে V3: I had my hair cut.
- Get (কাউকে দিয়ে রাজি করিয়ে করানো):
- Person থাকলে to + V1: I got my brother to wash my bike.
- Thing থাকলে V3: I got the car repaired.
B. As if / As though & Wish (অবাস্তব কল্পনা):
- Present + as if / as though + Past Indefinite (were/V2)
- Example: He speaks as if he knew everything.
- Past + as if / as though + Past Perfect
- Example: She talked as though she had seen the ghost.
- Wish-এর ক্ষেত্রেও Past Indefinite (were) বা Past Perfect হয়:
- Example: I wish I were a bird! / I wish I had studied regularly in college.
Quick Exam Tips:#
- Voice Change-এ continuous tense থাকলে অবশ্যই 'being' যোগ করতে ভুলবেন না।
- Narration-এ Reported Speech সবসময় Assertive অর্ডারে (Subject + Verb) রূপান্তর হবে।
- If-এর পর 'Had + V3' দেখলে পরবর্তী ক্লজে 'would have + V3' মেলাবেন।
