IELTS Grammar Foundations

IELTS Writing এবং Speaking-এ Band Score 7+ তুলতে হলে Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA) তে ভালো করা অত্যন্ত জরুরি। অনেক Bangladeshi candidates-দের main problem হলো—idea থাকলেও grammatical errors-এর কারণে score কমে যায়। নিচে core grammar foundations সহজে তুলে ধরা হলো:

১. Complex & Compound Sentences (Range বাড়ানোর উপায়)#

IELTS-এ শুধু Simple Sentence ("Pollution is increasing. It harms health.") লিখলে 5.5-এর বেশি পাওয়া কঠিন। Compound ও Complex Sentence ব্যবহার করতে হবে:

• Compound Sentence: FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) দিয়ে যুক্ত করুন।
• Example: The government implemented new policies, but the public showed little interest.
• Complex Sentence (Subordinators): Although, Even though, Because, While, Whereas.
• Example: Although technological advancement has improved communication, it has reduced face-to-face interaction.
• Relative Clauses: which, who, that, where.
• Example: Air pollution, which is primarily caused by vehicular emissions, poses a severe threat to public health.

২. Subject-Verb Agreement (Accuracy ঠিক রাখার নিয়ম)#

আমাদের দেশের শিক্ষার্থীদের সবচেয়ে common mistake হয় singular/plural subject-এর সাথে verb match না করানো।

• Rule: Subject singular হলে Verb singular, Subject plural হলে Verb plural.
• ❌ Incorrect: The number of students who takes private tuition are increasing.
• ✔️ Correct: The number of students who take private tuition is increasing. (Note: 'The number of' singular verb নেয়, কিন্তু 'A number of' plural verb নেয়).
• Rule: "One of the + Plural Noun + Singular Verb"
• ✔️ Example: One of the most critical challenges is global warming.

৩. Tense Consistency (Present Perfect vs. Past Simple)#

IELTS Writing Task 1 এবং Speaking Part 1/2-এ tense-এর ভুল বেশি হয়:

• Past Simple: অতীতে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে ঘটনা শেষ হয়ে গেছে (e.g., in 2010, yesterday, five years ago).
• Example: In 2015, the rate of unemployment declined sharply.
• Present Perfect: অতীত থেকে শুরু হয়ে বর্তমান পর্যন্ত প্রভাব আছে (e.g., since, over the last decade, recently).
• Example: Over the last decade, internet usage has grown exponentially.

৪. Passive Voice (Task 1 ও Academic Writing-এর জন্য আবশ্যক)#

যখন doer (কে করেছে) থেকে action/result বেশি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, তখন Passive Voice ব্যবহার করা হয়:

• Active: The authorities built a new bypass road.
• Passive: A new bypass road was constructed to alleviate traffic congestion.
• Process Diagram (Task 1): The tea leaves are picked, then they are dried in the sun.

৫. Conditional Sentences (Band 7+ Booster)#

Writing Task 2-এর recommendation বা solution paragraph-এ 2nd ও 3rd Conditional দারুণ কাজ করে:

• First Conditional (Probable future):
• If the government imposes strict penalties, factories will curb waste dumping.
• Second Conditional (Hypothetical/Formal recommendation):
• If alternative energy sources were subsidized, carbon emissions would decline significantly.

৬. Common Bangladeshi Errors to Avoid#

• Redundant Prepositions:
• ❌ "We need to discuss about the problem."
• ✔️ "We need to discuss the problem."
• Articles (A, An, The) Omission:
• ❌ "Education plays vital role in society."
• ✔️ "Education plays a vital role in society."
• Run-on Sentences (Comma Splice):
• ❌ "Urbanization is expanding rapidly, many trees are cut down."
• ✔️ "Urbanization is expanding rapidly; consequently, many trees are cut down." (or use a complex sentence: "As urbanization expands rapidly, ...")